Currently Viewing Results for Instructor Cecile Richmond
Class Format Definitions
Online (Asynchronous)
Definition:
In an online class, all course activity occurs online; there are no
required real-time or on campus meetings. All content is
delivered in Canvas. Coursework does have due dates as set by
the instructor, but can be completed, once the content becomes
available, at any time before the due date.
In a real-time online class, course meetings occur virtually on
Zoom. The course meetings occur at scheduled days and times.
Instructors will use Canvas to disseminate grades and potentially
other class content, such as documents, discussions, and
announcements. At the start of the semester, a detailed
schedule for the term, with Zoom meetings, will be posted on
IVC's Schedule Site and in Canvas.
In a HyFlex class, all course meetings are held face-to-face at IVC or a designated physical site, and may also be attended
virtually, via Zoom (or the district-approved video conferencing platform). The course meetings occur at scheduled days and
times. Instructors may still use Canvas or other software products to enhance the class outside of the face-to-face meetings,
such as by posting documents, discussions, and announcements. High-stake assessments, such as mid-term or final will be the
same exam for online or face-to-face students. Training/approvals: Canvas Basics, Zoom, Classroom Technology Tools.
In a hybrid class, course activity occurs both online and face-toface on campus; both the online and face-to-face portion are
required. The face-to-face meetings occur on scheduled days
and times. All online content is delivered in Canvas and/or
zoom. At the start of the semester, a detailed schedule for the
term, with face-to-face meetings, will be posted on IVC's Schedule Site
and in Canvas.
In a face-to-face class, course activity occurs at IVC or a
designated physical site. The course meetings occur on
scheduled days and times. Instructors may still use Canvas or
other software products to enhance the class outside of the
face-to-face meetings, such as by posting documents,
discussions, and announcements.
Changes may be occurring daily for schedule data and files are subject to change.
Spring 2024
2 sections
Child Development
2 sections
CDEV 105 - Introduction to Curriculum
1 section
CDEV 105 Course Description:
This course presents an overview of developmentally appropriate curriculum and environments for young children from birth through age eight. Students will use knowledge of child development, theories of learning and development, examine various models of developmentally appropriate practice, and observation and assessment strategies to plan environments and curriculum in all content areas to support children's development and learning integrated throughout indoor and outdoor settings. Emphasis on the essential role of play. (C-ID: ECE 130) (CSU)
CRN 20732 (CDEV 105 - Introduction to Curriculum)
Class Format: Face-to-Face (On Ground)
In a face-to-face class, course activity occurs at IVC or a designated physical site. The course meetings occur on scheduled days and times. Instructors may still use Canvas or other software products to enhance the class outside of the face-to-face meetings, such as by posting documents, discussions, and announcements.
Introduction to the Performing Arts domain reflecting the concepts of the California Preschool Learning Foundations and Frameworks . This course provides practical strategies for implementing the curriculum strands of music, drama and dance (body movement) experiences for young children. Development of teacher skills with music instruments, drama, and motor skills and movement including familiarity with resource materials for program planning .Applicable to required or professional development units for Child Development Permit holders, pre-school, transitional kindergarten, and early-primary teachers. (CSU)
CRN 20733 (CDEV 123 - Mus & Movmt/Perf Art Yng Child)
Class Format: Face-to-Face (On Ground)
In a face-to-face class, course activity occurs at IVC or a designated physical site. The course meetings occur on scheduled days and times. Instructors may still use Canvas or other software products to enhance the class outside of the face-to-face meetings, such as by posting documents, discussions, and announcements.
Introduction to the laws, regulations, standards, policies, procedures, and best practices related to health, safety, and nutrition in care and education settings for children from birth through middle childhood. This course includes the teacher's role in prevention strategies, nutrition and meal planning, integrating health, safety and nutrition experiences into the daily routines, and overall risk management to ensure physical health, mental health and safety for both children and staff. (C-ID: ECE 220) (CSU)
CRN 10491 (CDEV 101 - Health, Safety and Nutrition)
Class Format: Online (Asynchronous)
In an online class, all course activity occurs online; there are no required real-time or on-campus meetings. All content is delivered in Canvas. Coursework does have due dates as set by the instructor, but can be completed, once the content becomes available, at any time before the due date. At the start of the semester, a detailed schedule for the term with specific content availability and due dates of coursework, including potential online proctored summative/high-stake assessments, such as a mid-term or final, will be posted on IVC's Schedule Site.
CRN 11027 (CDEV 101 - Health, Safety and Nutrition)
Class Format: Online (Asynchronous)
In an online class, all course activity occurs online; there are no required real-time or on-campus meetings. All content is delivered in Canvas. Coursework does have due dates as set by the instructor, but can be completed, once the content becomes available, at any time before the due date. At the start of the semester, a detailed schedule for the term with specific content availability and due dates of coursework, including potential online proctored summative/high-stake assessments, such as a mid-term or final, will be posted on IVC's Schedule Site.
Introduction to the visual arts domain of the California Preschool Learning Foundations and Frameworks including artistic expression and response, and skill development in aesthetic and perceptual awareness through exploration of various process-oriented art media, activities, and experiences. Emphasis is placed on the development of age appropriate art curriculum activities, basic teaching skills, guidance techniques, equipment and materials. This course is applicable to required or professional development units for Child Development permit, preschool, transitional kindergarten and early primary teachers. (CSU)
CRN 10711 (CDEV 121 - Art/Vis Art for Young Children)
Class Format: Face-to-Face (On Ground)
In a face-to-face class, course activity occurs at IVC or a designated physical site. The course meetings occur on scheduled days and times. Instructors may still use Canvas or other software products to enhance the class outside of the face-to-face meetings, such as by posting documents, discussions, and announcements.
Introduction to the mathematics and science domains of the California Preschool Learning Foundations and Frameworks including the mathematic strands of number sense, algebra and functions, measurement, geometry, and mathematical reasoning and the science strands of scientific inquiry, physical, life, and earth sciences. The course will provide practical strategies for implementing the curriculum frameworks science and math domains through planning of appropriate curriculum and environments. Applicable to required or professional development units for Child Development Permit holders, pre-school, transitional kindergarten, and early-primary teachers. (CSU)
CRN 20870 (CDEV 122 - Sci and Math for Young Chldrn)
Class Format: Face-to-Face (On Ground)
In a face-to-face class, course activity occurs at IVC or a designated physical site. The course meetings occur on scheduled days and times. Instructors may still use Canvas or other software products to enhance the class outside of the face-to-face meetings, such as by posting documents, discussions, and announcements.
Introduction to the Performing Arts domain reflecting the concepts of the California Preschool Learning Foundations and Frameworks . This course provides practical strategies for implementing the curriculum strands of music, drama and dance (body movement) experiences for young children. Development of teacher skills with music instruments, drama, and motor skills and movement including familiarity with resource materials for program planning .Applicable to required or professional development units for Child Development Permit holders, pre-school, transitional kindergarten, and early-primary teachers. (CSU)
CRN 20733 (CDEV 123 - Mus & Movmt/Perf Art Yng Child)
Class Format: Face-to-Face (On Ground)
In a face-to-face class, course activity occurs at IVC or a designated physical site. The course meetings occur on scheduled days and times. Instructors may still use Canvas or other software products to enhance the class outside of the face-to-face meetings, such as by posting documents, discussions, and announcements.
Prerequisite: CDEV 210 with a grade of "C" or better. This course is designed for those who plan to be directors in any early care and education program, both public and private, in the state of California. Effective strategies of leadership and program management and personnel administration for early education settings serving children and families. Includes legal and ethical responsibilities, supervision techniques, professional development, and reflective practices for diverse and inclusive early care and education programs. (CSU)
CRN 20904 (CDEV 211 - Admin II: Personnel and Ldrshp)
Class Format: Online (Asynchronous)
In an online class, all course activity occurs online; there are no required real-time or on-campus meetings. All content is delivered in Canvas. Coursework does have due dates as set by the instructor, but can be completed, once the content becomes available, at any time before the due date. At the start of the semester, a detailed schedule for the term with specific content availability and due dates of coursework, including potential online proctored summative/high-stake assessments, such as a mid-term or final, will be posted on IVC's Schedule Site.
Introduction to the visual arts domain of the California Preschool Learning Foundations and Frameworks including artistic expression and response, and skill development in aesthetic and perceptual awareness through exploration of various process-oriented art media, activities, and experiences. Emphasis is placed on the development of age appropriate art curriculum activities, basic teaching skills, guidance techniques, equipment and materials. This course is applicable to required or professional development units for Child Development permit, preschool, transitional kindergarten and early primary teachers. (CSU)
CRN 10711 (CDEV 121 - Art/Vis Art for Young Children)
Class Format: Face-to-Face (On Ground)
In a face-to-face class, course activity occurs at IVC or a designated physical site. The course meetings occur on scheduled days and times. Instructors may still use Canvas or other software products to enhance the class outside of the face-to-face meetings, such as by posting documents, discussions, and announcements.
Prerequisite: CDEV 200 and its prerequisites. Introduction to the administration of early childhood programs. This course incorporates basic management principles for early education programs, including program types, philosophies, curriculum development and implementation, regulations, laws, policies and procedures, budgeting, and parent and community relations. It examines administrative tools and techniques needed to organize, open, and operate an early care and education program. (CSU)
CRN 10712 (CDEV 210 - Admin I: Programs in ECE)
Class Format: Online (Asynchronous)
In an online class, all course activity occurs online; there are no required real-time or on-campus meetings. All content is delivered in Canvas. Coursework does have due dates as set by the instructor, but can be completed, once the content becomes available, at any time before the due date. At the start of the semester, a detailed schedule for the term with specific content availability and due dates of coursework, including potential online proctored summative/high-stake assessments, such as a mid-term or final, will be posted on IVC's Schedule Site.
Introduction to the mathematics and science domains of the California Preschool Learning Foundations and Frameworks including the mathematic strands of number sense, algebra and functions, measurement, geometry, and mathematical reasoning and the science strands of scientific inquiry, physical, life, and earth sciences. The course will provide practical strategies for implementing the curriculum frameworks science and math domains through planning of appropriate curriculum and environments. Applicable to required or professional development units for Child Development Permit holders, pre-school, transitional kindergarten, and early-primary teachers. (CSU)
CRN 20870 (CDEV 122 - Sci and Math for Young Chldrn)
Class Format: Face-to-Face (On Ground)
In a face-to-face class, course activity occurs at IVC or a designated physical site. The course meetings occur on scheduled days and times. Instructors may still use Canvas or other software products to enhance the class outside of the face-to-face meetings, such as by posting documents, discussions, and announcements.
Introduction to the Performing Arts domain reflecting the concepts of the California Preschool Learning Foundations and Frameworks . This course provides practical strategies for implementing the curriculum strands of music, drama and dance (body movement) experiences for young children. Development of teacher skills with music instruments, drama, and motor skills and movement including familiarity with resource materials for program planning .Applicable to required or professional development units for Child Development Permit holders, pre-school, transitional kindergarten, and early-primary teachers. (CSU)
CRN 20733 (CDEV 123 - Mus & Movmt/Perf Art Yng Child)
Class Format: Face-to-Face (On Ground)
In a face-to-face class, course activity occurs at IVC or a designated physical site. The course meetings occur on scheduled days and times. Instructors may still use Canvas or other software products to enhance the class outside of the face-to-face meetings, such as by posting documents, discussions, and announcements.
Introduction the laws, regulations, standards, policies and procedures and early childhood curriculum related to child health, safety and nutrition. The key components that ensure physical health, mental health and safety for both children and staff will be identified along with the importance of collaboration with families and health professionals. Focus on integrating the concepts into every day planning and program development for all children. (C-ID ECE 220) (CSU)
CRN 10495 (CDEV 101 - Health, Safety and Nutrition)
Class Format: Real-Time Online (Synchronous)
In a real-time online class, course meetings occur virtually on Zoom (or the district-approved video conferencing platform). The course meetings occur at scheduled days and times. Instructors will use Canvas to disseminate grades and potentially other class content, such as documents, discussions, and announcements.
Introduction to the mathematics and science domains of the California Preschool Learning Foundations and Frameworks including the mathematic strands of number sense, algebra and functions, measurement, geometry, and mathematical reasoning and the science strands of scientific inquiry, physical, life, and earth sciences. The course will provide practical strategies for implementing the curriculum frameworks science and math domains through planning of appropriate curriculum and environments. Applicable to required or professional development units for Child Development Permit holders, pre-school, transitional kindergarten, and early-primary teachers. (CSU)
CRN 10954 (CDEV 122 - Sci and Math for Young Chldrn)
Class Format: Real-Time Online (Synchronous)
In a real-time online class, course meetings occur virtually on Zoom (or the district-approved video conferencing platform). The course meetings occur at scheduled days and times. Instructors will use Canvas to disseminate grades and potentially other class content, such as documents, discussions, and announcements.
Introduction the laws, regulations, standards, policies and procedures and early childhood curriculum related to child health, safety and nutrition. The key components that ensure physical health, mental health and safety for both children and staff will be identified along with the importance of collaboration with families and health professionals. Focus on integrating the concepts into every day planning and program development for all children. (C-ID ECE 220) (CSU)
CRN 21395 (CDEV 101 - Health, Safety and Nutrition)
Class Format: Online (Asynchronous)
In an online class, all course activity occurs online; there are no required real-time or on-campus meetings. All content is delivered in Canvas. Coursework does have due dates as set by the instructor, but can be completed, once the content becomes available, at any time before the due date. At the start of the semester, a detailed schedule for the term with specific content availability and due dates of coursework, including potential online proctored summative/high-stake assessments, such as a mid-term or final, will be posted on IVC's Schedule Site.
This course is an overview of language and literacy development in the first eight years of life. Participants will explore teaching strategies and practical skills to engage children in integrated listening, speaking, reading, and writing experiences. Emphasis on California Preschool Learning Foundations and Frameworks, and development of hands-on learning experiences for young children. Applicable to required or professional development units for Child Development Permit holders, pre-school, transitional kindergarten, and early-primary teachers. (CSU)
CRN 21680 (CDEV 120 - Lang and Lit for Young Childrn)
Class Format: Online (Legacy Asynchronous)
In an online class, all course activity occurs online; there are no required real-time or on-campus meetings. All content is delivered in Canvas. Coursework does have due dates as set by the instructor, but can be completed, once the content becomes available, at any time before the due date. At the start of the semester, a detailed schedule for the term with specific content availability and due dates of coursework, including potential online proctored summative/high-stake assessments, such as a mid-term or final, will be posted on IVC's Schedule Site.
Introduction to the visual arts domain of the California Preschool Learning Foundations and Frameworks including artistic expression and response, and skill development in aesthetic and perceptual awareness through exploration of various process-oriented art media, activities, and experiences. Emphasis is placed on the development of age appropriate art curriculum activities, basic teaching skills, guidance techniques, equipment and materials. This course is applicable to required or professional development units for Child Development permit, preschool, transitional kindergarten and early primary teachers. (CSU)
CRN 21683 (CDEV 121 - Art/Vis Art for Young Children)
This course is an overview of language and literacy development in the first eight years of life. Participants will explore teaching strategies and practical skills to engage children in integrated listening, speaking, reading, and writing experiences. Emphasis on California Preschool Learning Foundations and Frameworks, and development of hands-on learning experiences for young children. Applicable to required or professional development units for Child Development Permit holders, pre-school, transitional kindergarten, and early-primary teachers. (CSU)
CRN 11817 (CDEV 120 - Lang and Lit for Young Childrn)
Class Format: Face-to-Face (On Ground)
In a face-to-face class, course activity occurs at IVC or a designated physical site. The course meetings occur on scheduled days and times. Instructors may still use Canvas or other software products to enhance the class outside of the face-to-face meetings, such as by posting documents, discussions, and announcements.
Introduction to the mathematics and science domains of the California Preschool Learning Foundations and Frameworks including the mathematic strands of number sense, algebra and functions, measurement, geometry, and mathematical reasoning and the science strands of scientific inquiry, physical, life, and earth sciences. The course will provide practical strategies for implementing the curriculum frameworks science and math domains through planning of appropriate curriculum and environments. Applicable to required or professional development units for Child Development Permit holders, pre-school, transitional kindergarten, and early-primary teachers. (CSU)
CRN 11816 (CDEV 122 - Sci and Math for Young Chldrn)
Class Format: Face-to-Face (On Ground)
In a face-to-face class, course activity occurs at IVC or a designated physical site. The course meetings occur on scheduled days and times. Instructors may still use Canvas or other software products to enhance the class outside of the face-to-face meetings, such as by posting documents, discussions, and announcements.
Cooking experiences for the preschool classroom. Development of effective, developmentally appropriate cooking activities. (CSU)
CRN 21397 (CDEV 124 - Creative Cooking for Children)
Class Format: Face-to-Face (On Ground)
In a face-to-face class, course activity occurs at IVC or a designated physical site. The course meetings occur on scheduled days and times. Instructors may still use Canvas or other software products to enhance the class outside of the face-to-face meetings, such as by posting documents, discussions, and announcements.
This course will prepare students to develop and implement an infant and/or toddler curriculum including the design of a developmentally appropriate learning environment. It will examine the methods currently in practice and study teacher competencies necessary for working with infants/toddlers. Students must put in 5 Hrs. Lab TBA for the semester. (CSU)
CRN 21526 (CDEV 221 - Infant Toddler Curriculum)
Class Format: Face-to-Face (On Ground)
In a face-to-face class, course activity occurs at IVC or a designated physical site. The course meetings occur on scheduled days and times. Instructors may still use Canvas or other software products to enhance the class outside of the face-to-face meetings, such as by posting documents, discussions, and announcements.
Introduction to the visual arts domain of the California Preschool Learning Foundations and Frameworks including artistic expression and response, and skill development in aesthetic and perceptual awareness through exploration of various process-oriented art media, activities, and experiences. Emphasis is placed on the development of age appropriate art curriculum activities, basic teaching skills, guidance techniques, equipment and materials. This course is applicable to required or professional development units for Child Development permit, preschool, transitional kindergarten and early primary teachers. (CSU)
CRN 11563 (CDEV 121 - Art/Vis Art for Young Children)
Class Format: Face-to-Face (On Ground)
In a face-to-face class, course activity occurs at IVC or a designated physical site. The course meetings occur on scheduled days and times. Instructors may still use Canvas or other software products to enhance the class outside of the face-to-face meetings, such as by posting documents, discussions, and announcements.
Prerequisite: CDEV 200 and its prerequisites. This course incorporates basic management principles for preschools including curriculum development and implementation, personnel management, facility maintenance, budgeting, parent involvement, community relations, program evaluation and professional ethics. (CSU)
CRN 11564 (CDEV 210 - Administration and Supervision)
Class Format: Face-to-Face (On Ground)
In a face-to-face class, course activity occurs at IVC or a designated physical site. The course meetings occur on scheduled days and times. Instructors may still use Canvas or other software products to enhance the class outside of the face-to-face meetings, such as by posting documents, discussions, and announcements.
Developing a science curriculum aimed at introducing the young child to physical science, simple chemistry and biological science concepts. Developing a math curriculum introducing number and math concepts. Emphasis is placed on developing an age appropriate science and math curriculum and planning a science environment that is meaningful and exciting for the young child. (CSU)
CRN 21396 (CDEV 122 - Sci and Math for Young Chldrn)
Class Format: Face-to-Face (On Ground)
In a face-to-face class, course activity occurs at IVC or a designated physical site. The course meetings occur on scheduled days and times. Instructors may still use Canvas or other software products to enhance the class outside of the face-to-face meetings, such as by posting documents, discussions, and announcements.
Cooking experiences for the preschool classroom. Development of effective, developmentally appropriate cooking activities. (CSU)
CRN 21397 (CDEV 124 - Creative Cooking for Children)
Class Format: Face-to-Face (On Ground)
In a face-to-face class, course activity occurs at IVC or a designated physical site. The course meetings occur on scheduled days and times. Instructors may still use Canvas or other software products to enhance the class outside of the face-to-face meetings, such as by posting documents, discussions, and announcements.
A study of the methods and principles of adult supervision in an early childhood setting from a development perspective. Topics covered include competence in personnel management, effective interpersonal communication, how adults learn, team building. (CSU)
CRN 15180 (CDEV 212 - Adult Supervisn in CD Programs)
Class Format: Face-to-Face (On Ground)
In a face-to-face class, course activity occurs at IVC or a designated physical site. The course meetings occur on scheduled days and times. Instructors may still use Canvas or other software products to enhance the class outside of the face-to-face meetings, such as by posting documents, discussions, and announcements.
Development of language and communication skills in the first five years of life. Creating a language arts curriculum for toddlers and preschoolers with an emphasis on oral communication using storytelling, puppets, and dramatic play. Analysis of stories and literature for their value to the young child. (CSU)
CRN 11347 (CDEV 120 - Lang and Lit for Young Childrn)
Class Format: Face-to-Face (On Ground)
In a face-to-face class, course activity occurs at IVC or a designated physical site. The course meetings occur on scheduled days and times. Instructors may still use Canvas or other software products to enhance the class outside of the face-to-face meetings, such as by posting documents, discussions, and announcements.
Music, rhythm and body movement experiences for young children. Development of teacher skills with simple music instruments and familiarity with resource materials for program planning and exploration of motor skills and movement concepts. (CSU)
CRN 11163 (CDEV 123 - Mus and Movemt for Young Child)
Class Format: Face-to-Face (On Ground)
In a face-to-face class, course activity occurs at IVC or a designated physical site. The course meetings occur on scheduled days and times. Instructors may still use Canvas or other software products to enhance the class outside of the face-to-face meetings, such as by posting documents, discussions, and announcements.
General introduction to life styles, values, and socioeconomic conditions of children from multilingual and multicultural families with special emphasis on ways in which these factors affect the teaching and learning process. Students are introduced to strategies, materials and resources designed to help them enhance the multilingual and multicultural experience of the children. (CSU)
CRN 21200 (CDEV 125 - Mltilin/Mlticul Cur Young Chld)
Class Format: Face-to-Face (On Ground)
In a face-to-face class, course activity occurs at IVC or a designated physical site. The course meetings occur on scheduled days and times. Instructors may still use Canvas or other software products to enhance the class outside of the face-to-face meetings, such as by posting documents, discussions, and announcements.
This course will prepare students to develop and implement an infant and/or toddler curriculum including the design of a developmentally appropriate learning environment. It will examine the methods currently in practice and study teacher competencies necessary for working with infants/toddlers. Students must put in 5 Hrs. Lab TBA for the semester. (CSU)
CRN 21199 (CDEV 221 - Infant Toddler Curriculum)
Class Format: Face-to-Face (On Ground)
In a face-to-face class, course activity occurs at IVC or a designated physical site. The course meetings occur on scheduled days and times. Instructors may still use Canvas or other software products to enhance the class outside of the face-to-face meetings, such as by posting documents, discussions, and announcements.
Develop aesthetic and perceptual awareness in the toddler and preschool child through exploration of various process-oriented art media, activities, and experiences. Emphasis is placed on the development of age appropriate art curriculum activities, basic teaching skills, guidance techniques, equipment and materials. (CSU)
CRN 11229 (CDEV 121 - Art for Young Children)
Class Format: Face-to-Face (On Ground)
In a face-to-face class, course activity occurs at IVC or a designated physical site. The course meetings occur on scheduled days and times. Instructors may still use Canvas or other software products to enhance the class outside of the face-to-face meetings, such as by posting documents, discussions, and announcements.
Music, rhythm and body movement experiences for young children. Development of teacher skills with simple music instruments and familiarity with resource materials for program planning and exploration of motor skills and movement concepts. (CSU)
CRN 11163 (CDEV 123 - Mus and Movemt for Young Child)
Class Format: Face-to-Face (On Ground)
In a face-to-face class, course activity occurs at IVC or a designated physical site. The course meetings occur on scheduled days and times. Instructors may still use Canvas or other software products to enhance the class outside of the face-to-face meetings, such as by posting documents, discussions, and announcements.
Cooking experiences for the preschool classroom. Development of effective, developmentally appropriate cooking activities. (CSU)
CRN 21150 (CDEV 124 - Creative Cooking for Children)
Class Format: Face-to-Face (On Ground)
In a face-to-face class, course activity occurs at IVC or a designated physical site. The course meetings occur on scheduled days and times. Instructors may still use Canvas or other software products to enhance the class outside of the face-to-face meetings, such as by posting documents, discussions, and announcements.
Developing a science curriculum aimed at introducing the young child to physical science, simple chemistry and biological science concepts. Developing a math curriculum introducing number and math concepts. Emphasis is placed on developing an age appropriate science and math curriculum and planning a science environment that is meaningful and exciting for the young child. (CSU)
CRN 11123 (CDEV 122 - Sci and Math for Young Chldrn)
Class Format: Face-to-Face (On Ground)
In a face-to-face class, course activity occurs at IVC or a designated physical site. The course meetings occur on scheduled days and times. Instructors may still use Canvas or other software products to enhance the class outside of the face-to-face meetings, such as by posting documents, discussions, and announcements.